Ukucoca iigatha zophahla kuyingxaki, kodwa ukugcina inkqubo yakho yokuhambisa amanzi emvula icocekile kubalulekile. Amagqabi abolileyo, amasetyana, iinaliti zepine, kunye nezinye iinkunkuma zinokuvala iinkqubo zokuhambisa amanzi, ezinokonakalisa izityalo ezisisiseko kunye nesiseko ngokwaso.
Ngethamsanqa, kulula ukuyifaka oonogada be-gutter kunokuthintela inkunkuma ekuvaleni isixokelelwano sakho segutter esele sikhona. Siye savavanya iimveliso kwiindidi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukuvavanya amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okusebenza. Funda ngakumbi ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokukhuselwa kwegutter ngesihluzo samagqabi, kunye neengcebiso zethu zokuvavanya izandla zolunye ukhuseleko olululo kwimarike.
Sifuna ukucebisa kuphela ezona gadi zigqwesileyo zegutter, yiyo loo nto abavavanyi bethu befakele imveliso nganye, bavavanya ukusebenza, kwaye basusa imveliso nganye ukuze siqiniseke ukuba siyazi kakuhle ukuba nganye nganye isebenza njani.
Saqala safaka inxalenye yomlindi ngamnye wegutter ngokwemiyalelo, sicheba izibiyeli ukuba kuyimfuneko. Siyixabisile ukuguquguquka kofakelo (akukho zixhobo zimbini zeegatha ezifanayo) kunye nomgangatho wezixhobo kunye nobunzima bofakelo ngalunye. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukufakwa kobuchwephesha akufuneki, kwaye iinkosi eziqhelekileyo zasekhaya ziyakwazi ukusingatha. Jonga umlindi we-chute ukusuka emhlabeni ukujonga ukubonakala.
Sandula ke sabashiya oonogada bemijelo ukuze bachole inkunkuma, kodwa ekubeni ummandla wethu wawuthe cwaka ngokwentelekiso ngelo xesha yaye ngokwemvelo wawungakhukuliswanga kangako yinkunkuma, sazinyamekela ngokwethu. Sasisebenzisa isigcina-kufuma ukulinganisa amasebe, umhlaba wemithi, nolunye ubutyobo ukuze sigqume uphahla phezu kweegatha. Emva koko, emva kokuba sihlahle umbhobho eluphahleni, sinokuyilinganisa ngokuchanekileyo indlela iigatha ezichola ngayo inkunkuma.
Sasusa oonogada bamanzi ukuze sikwazi ukungena kwimibhobho yamanzi size sibone ukuba abalindi bayibamba kangakanani na inkunkuma. Ekugqibeleni, sacoca aba nogada bamanzi ukuze sibone indlela ekulula ngayo ukususa inkunkuma ebibambekile.
Gqibezela ukucoca igutter yakho yesiqingatha sonyaka ngenye yezi ndlela zilandelayo, nganye kuzo ilolona mgangatho uphakamileyo wokhuseleko lwegutter kudidi lwayo. Sifaka kwaye sivavanya imveliso nganye kwiimeko zehlabathi lokwenyani ukuze siqinisekise ukuba iqhuba kakuhle. Jonga ukhetho lwethu lwee-gutters ezintsha kunye nezona ngqwalasela zibalulekileyo engqondweni.
Lo nogada wamagqabi wentsimbi engenakutyiwa uvela kwiRaptor ubonisa umnatha obhityileyo kodwa owomeleleyo othintela neyona mbewu incinci ibethwa ngumoya ukuba ingene emseleni. Isilayidi se-micro-mesh ehlala ixesha elide yesigqumathelo phantsi komqolo ongezantsi weethayile zophahla kunye nomphandle ongaphandle ukrwelwe kwigutter ukwenzela ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo. Itekhnoloji yeRaptor V-Bend yonyusa umthamo wokucoca kwaye yenza lukhuni umnatha ukubamba inkunkuma ngaphandle kokugrumba.
I-Raptor Gutter Cover ifanelana ne-5 "Gutters" kwaye iza ngokulula ukuphatha ii-5′ strips ezinobude obupheleleyo be-48′. Ikiti ibandakanya i-screwdrivers yezikrufu kunye namantongomane afunekayo ukufaka iintonga.
Inkqubo ye-Raptor ibonakalise ukuba yinto efanelekileyo yokwenza ngokwakho ukufakwa kwabalindi be-gutter, kwaye siyayixabisa ukuba inikezela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokufakela, kubandakanywa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphezu kwe-gutter okanye ngaphantsi kwee-shingles, kuxhomekeke kwimeko. Nangona kunjalo, sifumene i-stainless steel material ukuba kunzima ukusika kunye nesikere esilungileyo, nangona oku ngokuqinisekileyo kuthetha ukuhlala kwayo. Umnatha wensimbi engenasici ubamba yonke into enokwenzeka kwaye kulula ukuyisusa ukucoca i-gutter.
Kwabo bangafuni kutyalo-mali kwiimveliso zentsimbi ezibizayo, iThermwell's Frost King Gutter Guard lukhetho lweplastiki olufikelelekayo oluya kukhusela inkqubo yakho yegutter kwinkunkuma enkulu kunye nezinambuzane ezimbi ezifana neempuku neentaka. Iigatha zeplastiki zokugada zinokusikwa ngokweesayizi zegatha zesiko kunye nezikere eziqhelekileyo kwaye zibonelelwa ngemiqulu eyi-6" ububanzi x 20′ ubude.
Kulula ukufaka iigatter ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwezikrufu, izikhonkwane, izikhonkwane okanye naziphi na ezinye izinto zokubopha. Beka ngokulula isiporo kwi-chute, uqinisekise ukuba umbindi wesiporo ujika ujonge kwindawo yokuvula i-chute, kunokuba wenze i-chute apho inkunkuma inokuqokelela khona. Izinto zeplastiki azikwazi ukugqwala okanye ukugqwala, kwaye ziyakwazi ukumelana nokutshintsha kobushushu obugqithisileyo, ukukhusela i-gutter unyaka wonke.
Ekuvavanyeni, iFrost King engabizi kakhulu ibonakalise ukuba lukhetho oluhle. Emhlabeni, isikrini sisike ngokulula sibe ngamaqhekeza ama-4 kunye neenyawo ezi-5 ubude, kwaye iplastiki ilula kangangokuba asizange sikhathazeke ngokuyiphakamisa izitebhisi (enokuba yingxaki kwizinto ezinzima). Nangona kunjalo, siye safumanisa ukuba aba balindi be-gutter bancinci ukuyifaka kakuhle njengoko bengasebenzisi i-hardware ukuyibamba endaweni.
Lo nogada webrashi unondoqo wentsimbi eguquguqukayo onokuthi ugobe iikona. Iibristles zenziwe nge-UV resistant polypropylene kwaye ziphuma malunga ne-4.5 intshi ukusuka kumbindi ukuze zikwazi ukuhlalisa yonke igatha yokukhusela ngokukhululekileyo ngokomlinganiselo oqhelekileyo (5 intshi) iigatha.
Izigqubuthelo zeGutter zifumaneka ngobude ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-525 iinyawo kwaye kulula ukuzifaka ngaphandle kweziqhoboshi: beka nje eli gadi lamagqabi kwi-gutter kwaye utyhale ngobunono de umlindi uphumle emazantsi e-gutter. Iibristles zivumela amanzi ukuba ahambe ngokukhululekileyo kwi-gutter, ekhusela amagqabi, amasetyana kunye nolunye udoti omkhulu ukuba lungene kwaye luvale umjelo.
Ekuvavanyeni, inzuzo yenkqubo yokukhusela i-GutterBrush yayilula ukufakela, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla. Inkqubo isebenza nazo zombini izibiyeli zepaneli kunye nezibiyeli zokuxhoma i-shingle, iyenza ibe yeyona nto iguquguqukayo yokugada esikhe sayivavanya. Babonelela ngamanzi amaninzi, kodwa sifumanise ukuba bakholisa ukuvaleka bubutyobo obukhulu. Ngelixa iindawo ezinkulu kulula ukuzisusa, sifundile ukuba iGutterBrush ayilondolozo simahla.
I-FlexxPoint Residential Gutter Cover System ibonelela ngokhuseleko olwandisiweyo ngokuchasene nokuwohloka kunye nokuwa, nakumahlamvu aphezulu okanye iimeko zekhephu ezinzima. Uqiniswa ngeembambo eziphakanyisiweyo kubude bonke bomcu, ubonisa ulwakhiwo olukhaphukhaphu, olukwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa. Igatter guard yenzelwe ukuba ingabonwa emhlabeni.
Lo mgada wogutyulo womelele uncamathela kwincam yangaphandle yegutter ngezikrufu ezibandakanyiweyo. Iyachwechwa ukuze kungabikho mfuneko yokuyityhala phantsi kweengqalutye. Ifumaneka ngombala omnyama, omhlophe, omdaka kunye no-matt 22, 102, 125, 204, 510, 1020 kunye no-5100 ubude beenyawo.
Iimpawu ezininzi zeFlexxPoint gutter covering system yenze yagqama kuvavanyo. Le yodwa inkqubo efuna izikrufu kungekuphela nje phambi kombhobho, kodwa nangasemva. Oku kwenza ukuba ibe yomelele kakhulu kwaye izinzile - ayiyi kuwela ngokwayo phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko. Nangona yomelele kakhulu, akunzima ukuyisika. Ayibonakali ukusuka emhlabeni, okuyinzuzo enkulu kubagadi abanzima. Nangona kunjalo, sifumene ukuba ithatha inkunkuma enkulu efuna ukucocwa ngesandla (nangona kulula).
Abo bangafuni ukuba oonogada babo bajonge ngaphandle bajonge i-AM 5 ″ Abalindi beAluminiyam. Iipaneli ezinemingxuma zenziwe nge-aluminiyam yomgangatho woshishino kwaye zinemingxuma engama-380 ngonyawo ngalunye ukumelana neeshawa. Ibambelela ngokuqinileyo kwi-gutter kwaye iphantse ingabonakali emva kokufakwa, ngoko ayilonakalisi i-aesthetics yophahla.
Umlindi uquka izixhaso ze-shingle ezibuyiselwayo kunye neethebhu zofakelo olulula kwaye unamathele kumda wangaphandle we-gutter kunye ne-self-tapping screws (engabandakanyi). Yenzelwe i-5 ″ gutters kwaye ifumaneka kwi-23′, 50′, 100′ kunye ne-200′ ubude. Le mveliso kwakhona ingena 23′, 50′, 100′ kunye 200′ 6″ iigatha.
Ngexesha lovavanyo, sobabini sasiyithanda kwaye sayithiya inkqubo ye-AM Gutter Guard. Ewe, ezi zigada ze-aluminiyam ziyinkqubo yomgangatho ophezulu kunye neengqungquthela eziqinileyo eziqiniweyo ezihamba ubude obupheleleyo bomlindi kwaye zingabonakali ukusuka emhlabeni. Kulula ukuzisika nokuzifaka, nokuba zijikeleze indawo yokumisa, kwaye zenza umsebenzi omhle wokugcina amanzi ngaphandle nokuchola inkunkuma. Kodwa ayizi kunye nezikrufu ozifunayo! Zonke ezinye iinkqubo ezifuna ukuqina zibandakanya. Kwakhona, inkqubo inokuvaleka bubutyobo obukhulu, ngoko ke iphelela ekubeni ifune ukulungiswa okuncinci.
Nditsho nabakhi bezindlu abasaqalayo banokufumana oonogada begutter ekulula ukuyifaka kunye noonogada baseAmerimax bentsimbi. Lo mgada wegutter uyilelwe ukutyibilika phantsi komqolo wokuqala weeshingles kwaye ucofeke endaweni yawo kumda wangaphandle we-gutter. Uyilo lwayo olubhetyebhetye lulingana ne-4 ″, 5 ″ kunye ne-6 ″ iinkqubo zegutter.
Yakhiwe ngentsimbi enganyangekiyo, egqunywe ngumgubo, iAmerimax Gutter Guard igcina amagqabi kunye nobutyobo ngelixa idlula kwezona mvula zinamandla. Iza kwimichilo ye-3ft ekulula ukuyiphatha kwaye ifakwe ngaphandle kwezixhobo.
I-hardware-less mount iqhube kakuhle kakhulu ekuvavanyeni kwaye ikhuselekile kakhulu, ukususa umlindi we-gutter ngesandla kubonakalise ukukhohlisa kancinci. Isikrini kulula ukusisika kwaye siyayixabisa indlela yokukhwela ebhetyebhetye (asikwazanga ukungena phantsi kweeshingles ngoko ke sibeke phezu kwegutter). Ibamba kakuhle i-debris, nangona amasuntswana amancinci enza. Kodwa eyona ngxaki yokwenyani kukususa ikhaka, njengoko umnatha osikiweyo ujinga kwizibiyeli.
Ukongeza ekubeni ngowona ubalaseleyo ekukhuseleni ikhaya lakho, kukho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni. Ezi ziquka izixhobo, imilinganiselo, ukubonakala kunye nokufakwa.
Kukho iindidi ezintlanu zokugada ezisisiseko ezikhoyo: i-mesh, i-micro mesh, igophe elibuyela umva (okanye umlindi wombhobho wokuxinana komphezulu), ibrashi, kunye nogwebu. Uhlobo ngalunye luneenzuzo zalo kunye nezilumkiso.
Izikrini ezikhuselayo zinocingo okanye umnatha weplastiki othintela amagqabi ukuba angaweli kumsele. Ukuzifakela kulula njengokuphakamisa umqolo ongezantsi weeshingles kunye nokuslayida umgca wesikrini se-gutter phantsi kwee-shingles kunye nobude be-gutter; ubunzima beeshingles bubamba isikrini endaweni. Oonogada be-Gutter lukhetho olungabizi kwaye banikezela ngofakelo olulula - ngokuqhelekileyo akukho zixhobo ezifunekayo.
Ikhusi legutter alijiki kwaye lingavuthululwa yimimoya enamandla okanye likhutshwe phantsi kweshingle ngamasebe awileyo. Kwakhona, ukuphakamisa umqolo ongezantsi weeshingles ukufakela iigatha ezityibilikayo ziya kuphelisa ezinye iziqinisekiso zophahla. Ukuba abathengi bayathandabuza, banokufuna ukuqhagamshelana nomvelisi weeshingle phambi kokufaka olu hlobo lokhuselo lwegutter.
Izikhuseli zentsimbi ezinemingxuma emincinci zisebenza njengezikhuseli, ezivumela amanzi ukuba ahambe kwimingxunya emincinci ngelixa evala amasebe, iinaliti zepine kunye nobutyobo. Zifuna enye yeendlela ezintathu ezilula zokufakela: faka i-edge phantsi komqolo wokuqala weeshingles, i-shingle shroud inqumle ngokuthe ngqo phezulu kumjelo, okanye uqhoboshele i-flange kwindawo yolawulo (umcu othe nkqo ngaphezu komphezulu we-gutter) .
Iminatha ekhuselayo ye-micro-mesh ithintela ngokufanelekileyo nobutyobo obucolekileyo njengesanti ephephethwa ngumoya, ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ivumela amanzi emvula ukuba adlule. Zenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiigrill zeplastiki ezincinci ukuya kwiigrill zentsimbi ezomeleleyo. Ngokungafaniyo nabanye oonogada be-gutter, kwanabona nogada be-mesh bagqwesileyo banokufuna ukucocwa ngamaxesha athile ngesitshizi sethumbu kunye nebrashi ukuze kususwe inkunkuma eyongezelelekileyo kwindawo evulekileyo yemesh.
I-reverse curvature i-gutters ezikhuselayo zenziwe ngentsimbi elula okanye iplastiki ebunjiweyo. Amanzi aqukuqela ukusuka phezulu nakwigophe elijonge ezantsi ngaphambi kokuba angene kumjelo ongezantsi. Amagqabi kunye nobutyobo batyibilika emacaleni emhlabeni. Aba balindi bomjelo benza umsebenzi omhle wokukhusela igatha kumagqabi kunye nobutyobo, nakwiiyadi ezinemithi emininzi.
Iigatha ezibuyela umva zixabisa kakhulu kuneengcango zemesh kunye nezikrini. Azinabungane be-DIY kunezinye iintlobo zoonogada kwaye kufuneka zifakwe kwi-engile echanekileyo kwiphaneli yophahla. Ukuba ifakwe ngokungalunganga, amanzi anokuhamba phezu komphetho kwaye angabi kwigophe elichasayo kwi-gutter. Ngenxa yokuba zingena phezu kweegatha ezikhoyo, ezi cingo zikhangeleka njengezigqubuthelelo ezigcweleyo zegatha ukusuka emhlabeni, ngoko luluvo oluhle ukukhangela iimveliso ezihambelana nombala kunye nobuhle bekhaya lakho.
Iibhrashi zokukhusela umbhobho ngokubaluleka zizicoci zemibhobho ezikhulu kakhulu ezihlala ngaphakathi kumjelo, zithintela inkunkuma enkulu ukuba ingangeni kumjelo wokugalela amanzi kwaye ibangele ukuba ivaleke. Sika nje ibrashi kubude obufunwayo kwaye uyifake kwi-chute. Ukufakela ngokulula kunye neendleko eziphantsi zenza iigatter ezixutyiweyo zibe lukhetho oludumileyo lweeDIYers zasekhaya kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali.
Olu hlobo lokugada umjelo luhlala luqulathe umbindi wentsimbi eshinyeneyo kunye ne-polypropylene bristles esuka embindini. Ucingo alufuni izikrufu okanye uqhagamshelo lwegutter, kwaye nombindi wocingo lwesinyithi uyabhetyebhetye, nto leyo evumela ucingo lwegutter ukuba lugophe ukuze lulingane iikona ezimile ngendlela engaqhelekanga okanye igatha. Ezi mpawu zenza kube lula kwi-DIYers ukudibanisa i-gutters ngaphandle koncedo lobuchwephesha.
Enye inketho ekulula ukuyisebenzisa yibhloko yegwebu elingunxantathu elingena kumjelo. Elinye icala lithe tyaba ngasemva kwe-chute, elinye icala elisicaba lijonge phezulu kwi-chute ukuze kugcinwe inkunkuma. Icala lesithathu elithe tyaba lihlala macala onke kumjelo, livumela amanzi kunye nobutyobo obuncinane ukuba buphume kwi-drain system.
Abalindi be-Foam ababizi kwaye kulula ukuyifaka, okwenza ukuba babe lukhetho olukhulu kwi-DIYers. Igwebu le-gutter linokusikwa ubude, kwaye akukho zikhonkwane okanye izikrufu ezifunekayo ukukhusela umlindi, ukunciphisa umngcipheko womonakalo okanye ukuvuza. Nangona kunjalo, ayilona khetho olungcono kakhulu kwiindawo ezinemvula ephezulu, njengoko imvula enkulu inokunyusa ngokukhawuleza i-foam, ibangele ukuba i-gutters iphuphume.
Ukukhetha ubungakanani obuchanekileyo xa ufaka igatha yokugada, khwela ileli yokhuseleko ukulinganisa ububanzi bomsele. Ubude bomjelo ngamnye kufuneka bulinganiswe ukuze kubonwe ubungakanani obuchanekileyo kunye nenani leegada ezifunekayo ukukhusela yonke inkqubo yokugalela amanzi.
Uninzi lwabagadi bamanzi luyi-3 ukuya kwi-8 ubude. Iigatha ziza ngokwemilinganiselo emithathu, kwaye iintsimbi ziyafumaneka kwi-4 ″, 5 ″ kunye no-6 ″ ubukhulu, kunye no-5 ″ yeyona ixhaphakileyo. Ukufumana umlindi ochanekileyo wobungakanani, linganisa ububanzi bomphezulu we-gutter ukusuka kumphetho wangaphakathi ukuya kumda wangaphandle.
Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomlindi osetyenzisiweyo, amacala okanye umphezulu unokubonakala ukusuka emhlabeni, ngoko ke kungcono ukufumana umlindi ogxininisa indlu okanye odibanisa nobuhle obukhoyo. I-Styrofoam kunye ne-brush gutter guards azibonakali kakhulu emhlabeni kuba ziphelele kwi-gutter, kodwa i-micro-mesh, isikrini kunye ne-back-curve gutter guards zibonakala ngakumbi.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, amakhaka afika ngemibala emithathu eqhelekileyo: emhlophe, emnyama kunye nesilivere. Ezinye iimveliso zineenketho zombala ezongezelelweyo, ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafumane ukhuseleko ukuze batshatise i-gutters zabo. Ukuthelekisa oonogada be-gutter ukuhambelana nombala wakho wophahla kukwayindlela enhle yokufezekisa ukuhambelana, inkangeleko ekhangayo.
Ufakelo lobuchwephesha lunconywa kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na into engaphezulu kophahla lomgangatho ophantsi. Kwikhaya elinomgangatho omnye, lo ngumsebenzi okhuselekileyo nolula, ofuna izixhobo ezisisiseko kuphela.
Ngamanyathelo afanelekileyo okhuseleko, i-DIYer ekhutheleyo eneleli elungileyo kunye namava okusebenza kwindawo ephakamileyo inokufaka i-gutters ngokwayo kwikhaya elinemigangatho emibini. Ungaze unyuke izinyuko ukuya eluphahleni ngaphandle kombukeli. Qinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zokubanjwa ezifanelekileyo zokuwa zikhona ukukhusela ukulimala okukhulu.
Olona ncedo luphambili lokusebenzisa oonogada bomjelo ukukhusela inkqubo yakho yogutyulo lwezaqhwithi kukugcina inkunkuma ngaphandle. Amagqabi, amasetyana, iintsiba, kunye nolunye udaka olukhulu lunokukhawuleza luvale inkqubo yakho yegutter, luthintele amanzi ukuba angaphumi kakuhle. Nje ukuba zenziwe, ezi zithintelo zikhula njengoko ukungcola kubambelela kwimiqobo, ivala izithuba kunye nokutsala izinambuzane ezonakalisayo.
Iimpuku kunye nezinambuzane ezitsalwa yimijelo emanzi, emdaka zisenokwakha iindlwane okanye zisebenzise ukuba kufutshane nezindlu ukuze ziqalise ukugrumba imingxuma eluphahleni nasezindongeni. Nangona kunjalo, ukufakela i-gutters kunokunceda ukugcina ezi zinambuzane zingafunwayo kude kunye nokukhusela ikhaya lakho.
Ngenxa yokuba oonogada begutter begcina ubumdaka ekuqokeleleni nasekuhlaseleni izinambuzane, imisele ihlala icocekile, ngoko ke kufuneka uyigungxule ngokucokisekileyo qho emva kweminyaka embalwa, ukongela ixesha kunye nomzamo. Iigatha zokugada kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuze kususwe nayiphi na inkunkuma kumphezulu wonogada enokuthi ithintele ukuhamba kwamanzi kwigatha.
Iigatha zokugada zibonelela ngendlela entle yokunciphisa iindleko zokulondolozwa kunye nokukhusela i-gutters yakho kwi-debris build-up kunye nokuhlaselwa kwezinambuzane. Ukuba usafuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela iigatha ezisebenza ngayo kunye nendlela yokuzigcina, qhubeka ufunda ukuze ufumane iimpendulo kweminye yemibuzo edla ngokubuzwa malunga nezi mveliso.
Indlela yokufakela ixhomekeke kuhlobo lomlindi we-gutter, kodwa ezinye iimveliso zifakwe phantsi komqolo wokuqala okanye wesibini we-shingles.
Ukuphatha imvula enkulu kunokwenzeka ngoonogada abaninzi, nangona oonogada bazaliswe ngamagqabi okanye amasetyana banokujongana namanzi aqukuqelayo. Yingakho kubalulekile ukujonga kunye nokucoca i-gutters kunye neentsimbi entwasahlobo nasekwindla, xa i-debris evela kumagqabi asondeleyo ewa kakhulu.
Abanye abalindi be-gutter, njengabalindi be-kink, banokwenza i-ice jams ibe mandundu ngokufaka ikhephu kunye nomkhenkce ngaphakathi kwi-gutter. Noko ke, inkoliso yabalindi banceda ukuthintela ukukhenkceza ngokunciphisa ikhephu elingena kumjelo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-22-2023