Kwi-"Fire Engineering" epapashwe ngo-Ephreli 2006, saxubusha imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa umlilo uvela kwisakhiwo sorhwebo esinomgangatho omnye. Apha, siza kuphonononga ezinye zezona nxalenye zokwakha eziphambili ezinokuchaphazela isicwangciso sakho sokukhusela umlilo.
Ngezantsi, sithatha isakhiwo sensimbi esinemigangatho emininzi njengomzekelo wokubonisa indlela echaphazela ngayo ukuzinza kwesakhiwo ngasinye kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo (iifoto 1, 2).
Ilungu lolwakhiwo lweKholamu enesiphumo soxinzelelo. Bahambisa ubunzima bophahla kwaye bayidlulisele emhlabeni. Ukungaphumeleli kwekholomu kunokubangela ukuwa ngokukhawuleza kwenxalenye okanye sonke isakhiwo. Kulo mzekelo, i-studs igxininiswe kwi-concrete pad kumgangatho womgangatho kwaye ifakwe kwi-I-beam kufuphi nomgangatho wephahla. Xa kwenzeka umlilo, iintsimbi zetsimbi kwisilingi okanye ukuphakama kwephahla ziya kufudumala kwaye ziqale ukwandisa kwaye zijike. Intsimbi eyandisiweyo inokutsala ikholamu kude kwindiza yayo ethe nkqo. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto zokwakha, ukungaphumeleli kwekholomu kuyingozi enkulu. Ukuba ubona ikholamu ebonakala ngathi ichetyiwe okanye ayithe nkqo ngokupheleleyo, nceda wazise uMphathi weSihlo (IC) ngoko nangoko. Isakhiwo kufuneka sikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye makubizwe amagama abantu (ifoto 3).
Intsimbi yentsimbi-umqadi othe tyaba oxhasa eminye imiqadi. Iibhanti zenzelwe ukuthwala izinto ezinzima, kwaye zihlala kwindawo ephakamileyo. Njengoko umlilo kunye nobushushu ziqala ukudiliza amabhanti, intsimbi iqalisa ukufunxa ubushushu. Malunga ne-1,100 ° F, intsimbi iya kuqalisa ukusilela. Kulo bushushu, intsimbi iqala ukwanda kwaye ijike. Intsimbi yentsimbi enobude obuziimitha ezili-100 inokwanda ngee-intshi ezili-10. Emva kokuba intsimbi iqala ukwandisa kwaye ijike, iikholomu ezixhasa iintsimbi zentsimbi nazo ziqala ukuhamba. Ukwandiswa kwentsimbi kunokubangela ukuba iindonga kuzo zombini iziphelo zombhobho zikhuphe (ukuba intsimbi ibetha eludongeni lwezitena), enokubangela ukuba udonga lugobe okanye luqhekeke (ifoto 4).
Intsimbi ekhaphukhaphu yetrasi yentsimbi-uluhlu olunxuseneyo lwemiqadi yentsimbi elula, esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa imigangatho okanye uphahla oluthambekileyo. Imiqadi yentsimbi yangaphambili, ephakathi nangasemva yesakhiwo ixhasa iitrasi ezilula. I-joist idityaniswe kwintsimbi yentsimbi. Xa kwenzeka umlilo, i-truss lightweight iya kubamba ngokukhawuleza ukushisa kwaye inokusilela kwimizuzu emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi. Ukuba uphahla luxhotyiswe nge-air conditioning kunye nezinye izixhobo, ukuwa kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Musa ukuzama ukusika uphahla oluqiniweyo lwejoist. Ukwenza oko kunokunqumla i-chord ephezulu ye-truss, ilungu elithwele umthwalo oyintloko, kwaye kunokubangela ukuba yonke i-truss isakhiwo kunye nophahla liwe.
Izithuba zeejoists zinokuba malunga neemitha ezine ukuya kwezisibhozo ukusuka komnye. Isithuba esibanzi esinjalo sesinye sezizathu zokuba ungafuni ukusika uphahla ngeentsimbi ezilula kunye nophahla oluyi-Q. USekela-Mkomishinala weSebe lezoMlilo laseNew York (odla umhlala-phantsi) uVincent Dunn (uVincent Dunn) wachaza “Ukuwa kweZakhiwo zokuLwa uMlilo: Isikhokelo soKhuseleko loMlilo” ( Iincwadi zobuNjineli boMlilo kunye neeVideos, i-1988): “Umahluko phakathi komthi iijoists kunye nentsimbi Umahluko obalulekileyo woyilo Inkqubo ephezulu yenkxaso yejoists kukushiyana kwezithuba. Isithuba phakathi kweentsimbi ezivulekileyo zemesh joists ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8 yeenyawo, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu beentsimbi zentsimbi kunye nomthwalo wophahla. Isithuba esibanzi phakathi kwee-joists naxa kungekho zintsimbi zentsimbi Kwimeko yengozi yokuwa, kukho neengozi ezininzi kubacimi bomlilo ukusika ukuvuleka kwidekhi yophahla. Okokuqala, xa i-contour ye-cut cut iphantse igqitywe, kwaye ukuba uphahla alukho ngokuthe ngqo ngaphezu kwesinye i-wide-space joists yensimbi , I-plate ephezulu enqunyiweyo inokugoba ngokukhawuleza okanye ixhomekeke phantsi emlilweni. Ukuba unyawo olunye lomcimi-mlilo lusikwe eluphahleni, unokuphulukana nolungelelwano lwakhe aze awele kumlilo ongezantsi ngesarha yentsimbi (ifoto 5) .(138)
Iingcango zentsimbi-intsimbi ethe tyaba ixhasa ukusabalalisa kwakhona ubunzima bezitena phezu kweminyango yokuvula iifestile kunye neengcango. Ezi zitshixo zetsimbi zivame ukusetyenziswa kwimilo "L" yokuvula amancinci, ngelixa i-I-beams isetyenziselwa ukuvuleka okukhulu. Umnyango ubotshelelwe eludongeni lwemasonry macala omabini okuvula. Njengenye intsimbi, xa ucango lushushu, luqala ukwanda kwaye lujije. Ukungaphumeleli kwe-lintel yensimbi kunokubangela ukuba udonga oluphezulu luwele (iifoto 6 kunye ne-7).
I-Facade-umphezulu wangaphandle wesakhiwo. Amacandelo ensimbi alula abumba isakhelo se-facade. Izinto ze-plaster ezingenamanzi zisetyenziselwa ukuvala i-attic. Intsimbi ekhaphukhaphu iya kulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza amandla okwakhiwa kunye nokuqina emlilweni. Ukungena komoya we-attic kunokufezekiswa ngokuqhekeza i-gypsum sheath endaweni yokubeka abacimi bomlilo phezu kophahla. Amandla ale plaster yangaphandle afana ne-plasterboard esetyenziswa kwiindonga ezininzi zangaphakathi zezindlu. Emva kokuba i-gypsum sheath ifakwe endaweni, umakhi usebenzisa i-Styrofoam® kwi-plaster kwaye ugqume udaka (iifoto 8, 9).
Umphezulu wophahla. Izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha umgangatho wophahla lwesakhiwo kulula ukwakhiwa. Okokuqala, izikhonkwane zetsimbi ezihlobisa nge-Q zifakwe kwii-joists eziqinisiweyo. Emva koko, faka izinto zokugquma i-foam kwibhodi yokuhlobisa eyenziwe ngu-Q kwaye uyilungise kwidekhi ngezikrufu. Emva kokuba i-insulation material ifakwe endaweni, i-glue ifilimu ye-rubber kwi-foam insulation material ukugqiba ubuso bephahla.
Kuphahla oluphantsi lwethambeka, enye indawo yophahla onokuthi udibane nayo yi-polystyrene foam insulation, egqunywe nge-3/8 inch latex ikhonkrithi elungisiweyo.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lomgangatho wephahla lubandakanya umaleko wezinto eziqinileyo zokugquma ezigxininiswe kwidekhi yophahla. Emva koko iphepha le-asphalt elivezwe lifakwe kwi-insulation layer kunye ne-asphalt eshushu. Emva koko ilitye libekwe phezu kophahla ukuze lilungise indawo kwaye likhusele i-membrane evakalelwa.
Ngolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, musa ukucinga ukusika uphahla. Ithuba lokuwa yimizuzu emi-5 ukuya kwe-10, ngoko ke akukho xesha elaneleyo lokukhupha umoya ngokukhuselekileyo uphahla. Kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukukhupha umoya we-attic ngokusebenzisa i-ventilation ethe tyaba (ukuqhekeza i-facade yesakhiwo) endaweni yokubeka amacandelo phezu kophahla. Ukusika nayiphi na indawo ye-truss kunokubangela ukuba yonke indawo yophahla idilike. Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, iipaneli zephahla zinokuxhonywa phantsi phantsi kobunzima bamalungu agawula uphahla, ngaloo ndlela athumela abantu kwisakhiwo somlilo. Ishishini linamava okwaneleyo kwiitrasi ezikhanyayo kwaye kucetyiswa ngamandla ukuba uwasuse eluphahleni xa amalungu avela (ifoto 10).
I-aluminium yesilingi emisiweyo okanye inkqubo yegridi yentsimbi, kunye nocingo lwensimbi luxhonywe kwinkxaso yophahla. Inkqubo yegridi iya kubamba zonke iithayile zesilingi ukwenza isilingi egqityiweyo. Isithuba esiphezu kwesilingi exhonyiweyo sibeka ingozi enkulu kubacimi-mlilo. Ininzi ebizwa ngokuba yi "attic" okanye "truss void", inokufihla umlilo kunye namadangatye. Emva kokuba esi sithuba singenisiwe, i-carbon monoxide eqhumayo inokuvutha, ibangele ukuba yonke inkqubo yegridi idilike. Kufuneka ujonge indawo yokuhlala kwangethuba xa kuthe kwatsha, kwaye ukuba umlilo ugqabhuke ngesiquphe kwisilingi, bonke abacimi-mlilo kufuneka bavunyelwe ukuba babaleke kweso sakhiwo. Iifowuni eziphathwayo ezihlaziywayo zafakelwa kufutshane nomnyango, kwaye bonke abacimi-mlilo babenxibe izixhobo ezipheleleyo zokuvota. Iingcingo zombane, amacandelo enkqubo ye-HVAC kunye nemigca yegesi zezinye zeenkonzo zokwakha ezinokuthi zifihlwe kwi-voids ye-trusses. Imibhobho emininzi yegesi yendalo inokungena eluphahleni kwaye isetyenziselwa izifudumezi phezu kwezakhiwo (iifoto ze-11 kunye ne-12).
Namhlanje, iintsimbi zetsimbi kunye neenkuni zifakwe kuzo zonke iintlobo zezakhiwo, ukusuka kwiindawo zokuhlala ezizimeleyo ukuya kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo zeofisi, kwaye isigqibo sokukhupha abacimi bomlilo sinokuvela ngaphambili ekuziphendukeleni kwendawo yomlilo. Ixesha lokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-truss sele lide ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba bonke abalawuli bomlilo bafanele bazi ukuba izakhiwo ezikuyo zisabela njani xa kukho umlilo kwaye zithathe amanyathelo ahambelanayo.
Ukuze alungiselele ngokufanelekileyo iisekethe ezidibeneyo, kufuneka aqale ngombono oqhelekileyo wokwakha ukwakhiwa. UFrancis L. Brannigan "Isakhiwo soKwakha uMlilo", uhlelo lwesithathu (i-National Fire Protection Association, i-1992) kunye nencwadi kaDunn ishicilelwe ixesha elithile, kwaye kufuneka ifundwe kuwo onke amalungu encwadi yesebe lomlilo.
Ekubeni ngokuqhelekileyo asinalo ixesha lokubonisana neenjineli zokwakha kwindawo yomlilo, uxanduva lwe-IC kukuqikelela utshintsho oluya kwenzeka xa isakhiwo sisitsha. Ukuba uligosa okanye unqwenela ukuba ligosa, kufuneka ufundiswe ngezokwakha.
UJOHN MILES ngumphathi weSebe lezoMlilo laseNew York, owabelwe kwileli yama-35. Ngaphambili, wayesebenza njenge-lieutenant kwi-ladder ye-35 kunye nomcimi-mlilo kwi-ladder ye-34 kunye ne-injini ye-82. (NJ) iSebe loMlilo kunye ne-Spring Valley (NY) iSebe loMlilo, kwaye ungumqeqeshi kwi-Rockland County Fire Training Centre e-Pomona, eNew York.
UJohn Tobin (UJOHN TOBIN) ungumakadebona oneminyaka eyi-33 yamava enkonzo yomlilo, kwaye wayengumphathi weSebe lezoMlilo leVail River (NJ). Unesidanga se-master kulawulo loluntu kwaye uyilungu lebhodi yeengcebiso yeSikole saseBergen County (NJ) soMthetho kunye noKhuseleko loLuntu.
Kwi-"Fire Engineering" epapashwe ngo-Ephreli 2006, saxubusha imiba ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa umlilo uvela kwisakhiwo sorhwebo esinomgangatho omnye. Apha, siza kuphonononga ezinye zezona nxalenye zokwakha eziphambili ezinokuchaphazela isicwangciso sakho sokukhusela umlilo.
Ngezantsi, sithatha isakhiwo sensimbi esinemigangatho emininzi njengomzekelo wokubonisa indlela echaphazela ngayo ukuzinza kwesakhiwo ngasinye kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo (iifoto 1, 2).
Ilungu lolwakhiwo lweKholamu enesiphumo soxinzelelo. Bahambisa ubunzima bophahla kwaye bayidlulisele emhlabeni. Ukungaphumeleli kwekholomu kunokubangela ukuwa ngokukhawuleza kwenxalenye okanye sonke isakhiwo. Kulo mzekelo, i-studs igxininiswe kwi-concrete pad kumgangatho womgangatho kwaye ifakwe kwi-I-beam kufuphi nomgangatho wephahla. Xa kwenzeka umlilo, iintsimbi zetsimbi kwisilingi okanye ukuphakama kwephahla ziya kufudumala kwaye ziqale ukwandisa kwaye zijike. Intsimbi eyandisiweyo inokutsala ikholamu kude kwindiza yayo ethe nkqo. Phakathi kwazo zonke izinto zokwakha, ukungaphumeleli kwekholomu kuyingozi enkulu. Ukuba ubona ikholamu ebonakala ngathi ichetyiwe okanye ayithe nkqo ngokupheleleyo, nceda wazise uMphathi weSihlo (IC) ngoko nangoko. Isakhiwo kufuneka sikhutshwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye makubizwe amagama abantu (ifoto 3).
Intsimbi yentsimbi-umqadi othe tyaba oxhasa eminye imiqadi. Iibhanti zenzelwe ukuthwala izinto ezinzima, kwaye zihlala kwindawo ephakamileyo. Njengoko umlilo kunye nobushushu ziqala ukudiliza amabhanti, intsimbi iqalisa ukufunxa ubushushu. Malunga ne-1,100 ° F, intsimbi iya kuqalisa ukusilela. Kulo bushushu, intsimbi iqala ukwanda kwaye ijike. Intsimbi yentsimbi enobude obuziimitha ezili-100 inokwanda ngee-intshi ezili-10. Emva kokuba intsimbi iqala ukwandisa kwaye ijike, iikholomu ezixhasa iintsimbi zentsimbi nazo ziqala ukuhamba. Ukwandiswa kwentsimbi kunokubangela ukuba iindonga kuzo zombini iziphelo zombhobho zikhuphe (ukuba intsimbi ibetha eludongeni lwezitena), enokubangela ukuba udonga lugobe okanye luqhekeke (ifoto 4).
Intsimbi ekhaphukhaphu yetrasi yentsimbi-uluhlu olunxuseneyo lwemiqadi yentsimbi elula, esetyenziselwa ukuxhasa imigangatho okanye uphahla oluthambekileyo. Imiqadi yentsimbi yangaphambili, ephakathi nangasemva yesakhiwo ixhasa iitrasi ezilula. I-joist idityaniswe kwintsimbi yentsimbi. Xa kwenzeka umlilo, i-truss lightweight iya kubamba ngokukhawuleza ukushisa kwaye inokusilela kwimizuzu emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi. Ukuba uphahla luxhotyiswe nge-air conditioning kunye nezinye izixhobo, ukuwa kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza. Musa ukuzama ukusika uphahla oluqiniweyo lwejoist. Ukwenza oko kunokunqumla i-chord ephezulu ye-truss, ilungu elithwele umthwalo oyintloko, kwaye kunokubangela ukuba yonke i-truss isakhiwo kunye nophahla liwe.
Izithuba zeejoists zinokuba malunga neemitha ezine ukuya kwezisibhozo ukusuka komnye. Isithuba esibanzi esinjalo sesinye sezizathu zokuba ungafuni ukusika uphahla ngeentsimbi ezilula kunye nophahla oluyi-Q. USekela-Mkomishinala weSebe lezoMlilo laseNew York (odla umhlala-phantsi) uVincent Dunn (uVincent Dunn) wachaza “Ukuwa kweZakhiwo zokuLwa uMlilo: Isikhokelo soKhuseleko loMlilo” ( Iincwadi zobuNjineli boMlilo kunye neeVideos, i-1988): “Umahluko phakathi komthi iijoists kunye nentsimbi Umahluko obalulekileyo woyilo Inkqubo ephezulu yenkxaso yejoists kukushiyana kwezithuba. Isithuba phakathi kweentsimbi ezivulekileyo zemesh joists ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8 yeenyawo, kuxhomekeke kubukhulu beentsimbi zentsimbi kunye nomthwalo wophahla. Isithuba esibanzi phakathi kwee-joists naxa kungekho zintsimbi zentsimbi Kwimeko yengozi yokuwa, kukho neengozi ezininzi kubacimi bomlilo ukusika ukuvuleka kwidekhi yophahla. Okokuqala, xa i-contour ye-cut cut iphantse igqitywe, kwaye ukuba uphahla alukho ngokuthe ngqo ngaphezu kwesinye i-wide-space joists yensimbi , I-plate ephezulu enqunyiweyo inokugoba ngokukhawuleza okanye ixhomekeke phantsi emlilweni. Ukuba unyawo olunye lomcimi-mlilo lusikwe eluphahleni, unokuphulukana nolungelelwano lwakhe aze awele kumlilo ongezantsi ngesarha yentsimbi (ifoto 5) .(138)
Iingcango zentsimbi-intsimbi ethe tyaba ixhasa ukusabalalisa kwakhona ubunzima bezitena phezu kweminyango yokuvula iifestile kunye neengcango. Ezi zitshixo zetsimbi zivame ukusetyenziswa kwimilo "L" yokuvula amancinci, ngelixa i-I-beams isetyenziselwa ukuvuleka okukhulu. Umnyango ubotshelelwe eludongeni lwemasonry macala omabini okuvula. Njengenye intsimbi, xa ucango lushushu, luqala ukwanda kwaye lujije. Ukungaphumeleli kwe-lintel yensimbi kunokubangela ukuba udonga oluphezulu luwele (iifoto 6 kunye ne-7).
I-Facade-umphezulu wangaphandle wesakhiwo. Amacandelo ensimbi alula abumba isakhelo se-facade. Izinto ze-plaster ezingenamanzi zisetyenziselwa ukuvala i-attic. Intsimbi ekhaphukhaphu iya kulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza amandla okwakhiwa kunye nokuqina emlilweni. Ukungena komoya we-attic kunokufezekiswa ngokuqhekeza i-gypsum sheath endaweni yokubeka abacimi bomlilo phezu kophahla. Amandla ale plaster yangaphandle afana ne-plasterboard esetyenziswa kwiindonga ezininzi zangaphakathi zezindlu. Emva kokuba i-gypsum sheath ifakwe endaweni, umakhi usebenzisa i-Styrofoam® kwi-plaster kwaye ugqume udaka (iifoto 8, 9).
Umphezulu wophahla. Izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha umgangatho wophahla lwesakhiwo kulula ukwakhiwa. Okokuqala, izikhonkwane zetsimbi ezihlobisa nge-Q zifakwe kwii-joists eziqinisiweyo. Emva koko, faka izinto zokugquma i-foam kwibhodi yokuhlobisa eyenziwe ngu-Q kwaye uyilungise kwidekhi ngezikrufu. Emva kokuba i-insulation material ifakwe endaweni, i-glue ifilimu ye-rubber kwi-foam insulation material ukugqiba ubuso bephahla.
Kuphahla oluphantsi lwethambeka, enye indawo yophahla onokuthi udibane nayo yi-polystyrene foam insulation, egqunywe nge-3/8 inch latex ikhonkrithi elungisiweyo.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lomgangatho wephahla lubandakanya umaleko wezinto eziqinileyo zokugquma ezigxininiswe kwidekhi yophahla. Emva koko iphepha le-asphalt elivezwe lifakwe kwi-insulation layer kunye ne-asphalt eshushu. Emva koko ilitye libekwe phezu kophahla ukuze lilungise indawo kwaye likhusele i-membrane evakalelwa.
Ngolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, musa ukucinga ukusika uphahla. Ithuba lokuwa yimizuzu emi-5 ukuya kwe-10, ngoko ke akukho xesha elaneleyo lokukhupha umoya ngokukhuselekileyo uphahla. Kuyinto enqwenelekayo ukukhupha umoya we-attic ngokusebenzisa i-ventilation ethe tyaba (ukuqhekeza i-facade yesakhiwo) endaweni yokubeka amacandelo phezu kophahla. Ukusika nayiphi na indawo ye-truss kunokubangela ukuba yonke indawo yophahla idilike. Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, iipaneli zephahla zinokuxhonywa phantsi phantsi kobunzima bamalungu agawula uphahla, ngaloo ndlela athumela abantu kwisakhiwo somlilo. Ishishini linamava okwaneleyo kwiitrasi ezikhanyayo kwaye kucetyiswa ngamandla ukuba uwasuse eluphahleni xa amalungu avela (ifoto 10).
I-aluminium yesilingi emisiweyo okanye inkqubo yegridi yentsimbi, kunye nocingo lwensimbi luxhonywe kwinkxaso yophahla. Inkqubo yegridi iya kubamba zonke iithayile zesilingi ukwenza isilingi egqityiweyo. Isithuba esiphezu kwesilingi exhonyiweyo sibeka ingozi enkulu kubacimi-mlilo. Ininzi ebizwa ngokuba yi "attic" okanye "truss void", inokufihla umlilo kunye namadangatye. Emva kokuba esi sithuba singenisiwe, i-carbon monoxide eqhumayo inokuvutha, ibangele ukuba yonke inkqubo yegridi idilike. Kufuneka ujonge indawo yokuhlala kwangethuba xa kuthe kwatsha, kwaye ukuba umlilo ugqabhuke ngesiquphe kwisilingi, bonke abacimi-mlilo kufuneka bavunyelwe ukuba babaleke kweso sakhiwo. Iifowuni eziphathwayo ezihlaziywayo zafakelwa kufutshane nomnyango, kwaye bonke abacimi-mlilo babenxibe izixhobo ezipheleleyo zokuvota. Iingcingo zombane, amacandelo enkqubo ye-HVAC kunye nemigca yegesi zezinye zeenkonzo zokwakha ezinokuthi zifihlwe kwi-voids ye-trusses. Imibhobho emininzi yegesi yendalo inokungena eluphahleni kwaye isetyenziselwa izifudumezi phezu kwezakhiwo (iifoto ze-11 kunye ne-12).
Namhlanje, iintsimbi zetsimbi kunye neenkuni zifakwe kuzo zonke iintlobo zezakhiwo, ukusuka kwiindawo zokuhlala ezizimeleyo ukuya kwizakhiwo eziphakamileyo zeofisi, kwaye isigqibo sokukhupha abacimi bomlilo sinokuvela ngaphambili ekuziphendukeleni kwendawo yomlilo. Ixesha lokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-truss sele lide ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela ukuba bonke abalawuli bomlilo bafanele bazi ukuba izakhiwo ezikuyo zisabela njani xa kukho umlilo kwaye zithathe amanyathelo ahambelanayo.
Ukuze alungiselele ngokufanelekileyo iisekethe ezidibeneyo, kufuneka aqale ngombono oqhelekileyo wokwakha ukwakhiwa. UFrancis L. Brannigan "Isakhiwo soKwakha uMlilo", uhlelo lwesithathu (i-National Fire Protection Association, i-1992) kunye nencwadi kaDunn ishicilelwe ixesha elithile, kwaye kufuneka ifundwe kuwo onke amalungu encwadi yesebe lomlilo.
Ekubeni ngokuqhelekileyo asinalo ixesha lokubonisana neenjineli zokwakha kwindawo yomlilo, uxanduva lwe-IC kukuqikelela utshintsho oluya kwenzeka xa isakhiwo sisitsha. Ukuba uligosa okanye unqwenela ukuba ligosa, kufuneka ufundiswe ngezokwakha.
UJOHN MILES ngumphathi weSebe lezoMlilo laseNew York, owabelwe kwileli yama-35. Ngaphambili, wayesebenza njenge-lieutenant kwi-ladder ye-35 kunye nomcimi-mlilo kwi-ladder ye-34 kunye ne-injini ye-82. (NJ) iSebe loMlilo kunye ne-Spring Valley (NY) iSebe loMlilo, kwaye ungumqeqeshi kwi-Rockland County Fire Training Centre e-Pomona, eNew York.
UJohn Tobin (UJOHN TOBIN) ungumakadebona oneminyaka eyi-33 yamava enkonzo yomlilo, kwaye wayengumphathi weSebe lezoMlilo leVail River (NJ). Unesidanga se-master kulawulo loluntu kwaye uyilungu lebhodi yeengcebiso yeSikole saseBergen County (NJ) soMthetho kunye noKhuseleko loLuntu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-26-2021