Abayili bezakhiwo kunye nabaqulunqi abavela kwiifemu ezikhokelayo, kunye nabaphembeleli kunye neengcali, baya kuphonononga amandla kunye nobuthathaka bokucinga kunye nokusebenza koyilo lwangoku, baphonononge imiba efana nophando, itekhnoloji kunye nempilo.
Ngohlalutyo olunzulu, imbono ebalulekileyo, kunye nengxelo eneenkcukacha, amalungu eMetropolis aya kukunika izixhobo oya kuzifuna kunyaka ozayo.
Ngo-2019, iimyuziyam ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba yiBauhaus zavela kwizangqa zenkcubeko yaseJamani. Ukuthatha ithuba leminyaka elikhulu yoyilo lwesikolo, iMyuziyam yaseBauhaus eWeimar yaba yeyokuqala ukuphuma kumasango ayo, ivula ekuqaleni kuka-Epreli. Ukucofa okumbalwa emva koko, iMyuziyam yaseBauhaus eDessau yalandela ekuqaleni kukaSeptemba. Iprojekthi yesithathu, ukulibaziseka kokwandiswa kweWalter Gropius's 1979 Bauhaus Gestaltung Archive/Museum yaseBerlin, ayikhange ihambe ngesantya kwaye bekulindeleke ukuba ivulwe iminyaka eliqela engaphezulu.
Okwangoku eBerlin, iKeel kaKapteni Gropius iye yaphukelwa yinqanawa kumsele onodaka kwaye inkqubo yakhe iye yasiwa kwisihlomelo sethutyana. Isakhiwo, esakhiwe ngo-1976, ngaloo nyaka ukuba i-GDR yakha kwakhona i-campus yase-Dessau e-Kapitan yavulwa ngo-1979, ayizange idume kakhulu nangona ukunyuka okumangalisayo kwezithuthi zeenyawo ukususela ekuweni koDonga lwaseBerlin. Ngokucacileyo oku kwakusisiphumo sokuyekelelana: Isicwangciso sokuqala sikaGropius ngo-1964 sesiza esithambekileyo eDarmstadt, idolophu encinci kufutshane neFrankfurt, saphazanyiswa ngabezopolitiko basekuhlaleni. Kwada kwaba yiminyaka elishumi elandelayo, emva kokufa kukaGropius, apho iprojekthi yafumana indawo kwindawo eyayiyiNtshona Berlin ngoko. Nangona kunjalo, oku kuphazamiseka kwaphazamisa isicwangciso sokuqala kwaye kufuna ukuguqulwa okubanzi (ingakumbi ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kwindawo esemgangathweni) ngumncedisi kaGropius u-Alex Cianovich.
Nabuphi na ubundlavini obusuka kuyilo lokuqala bubulewe ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo kushicilelo lokugqibela oluluthuthu. Ngokwamazwi omgxeki uSibylla Moholy-Nagy, iyimodyuli, ngaphandle kokholo kwingqiqo yayo kunye nokuthabatha, "ngaphandle komnqweno ovuthayo wezinto ezintsha ezinokubakho." Wasebenzisa lonke ithuba ukujongana noGropius kwiintsuku zakhe zakudala zaseburhulumenteni. Umphezulu, ochasene nodumo lwesikolo, wawuyinkxalabo yobugcisa phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-Bauhaus, yayiyi-matte. Uphahla oludumileyo, kunye nerempu ejikelezayo ephilayo eyongezwe nguCvijanovic, ijonge ukuphakama ngakumbi kodwa iyasilela. Yayingeyiyo iBauhaus.
Imeko yoLondolozo lweeNkcukacha eziBalulekileyo yaseBauhaus iyafundisa kuba iqaqambisa ingxaki yokwakha “uphawu”, ngakumbi uphawu lwemveli olufana neBauhaus. Umlingo awunakubuyiselwa, kanye njengokuba intlekele iba yi-farce kwaye i-farce iba yi-memetic nihilism. Ngelixa isixeko ngasinye emhlabeni sikhupha izakhiwo “zangoku”, ziyafana nezona zikolo zidumileyo zoyilo zenkulungwane yama-20 kunobunyani be-IKEA kunye ne-Alucobond.
Noko ke, ubukrelekrele beBauhaus babukwimeko yezobupolitika evuthayo eyayinyanzela ukuba ibekho. Kuqhushululu lweemfazwe zehlabathi, kwavela umoya omtsha, awathi uGropius wawuvakalisa kumqulu wakhe wezithembiso wowe-1919 ekusekweni kwesikolo eWeimar. Igama elithi “Crystallization” lelona gama liphambili, njengesiluleko sakhe esingalibalekiyo: “Ubugcisa bufanele bufumane ukubonakaliswa kwabo okuqaqambileyo kumsebenzi omkhulu wobugcisa. Lo msebenzi mkhulu wobugcisa, le cathedral yexesha elizayo, Zisa ukukhanya okuninzi kwezona zinto zincinci zobomi bemihla ngemihla. ubomi.”
Akumangalisi ke ngoko ukuba owona mfanekiso ukhutshelweyo wexesha lokuqala le-Weimar le-Bauhaus yayiyinkuni eyenziwe nguLionel Feininger ebonisa i-prismatic "i-socialist cathedral". Le yintlalontle kaWilliam Morris, yasemhlabeni kunye neyobuzalwana, enikezela kwiimvakalelo ezithandekayo kunye nondoqo weentlobo zezilwanyana phambi kwesizathu esiluncedo. Ubugcisa, oko kukuthi, ubugcisa, buya kuba sisilumko kwimfazwe eyoyikisayo yokusetyenziswa koomatshini apho oohlohlesakhe basekhaya nakwamanye amazwe baya kubhenela kubo.
Yintoni efunekayo xa ujongene nongquzulwano olunjalo yimvakalelo kunye nobuntu, kwaye apho kungcono ukuthatha esi sikhundla kune-Weimar, iziko le-nerve ye-German Enlightenment, indawo yokuzalwa ye-Goethe kunye ne-Schiller? Kodwa kwakamsinyane i-Esperanto ebonisa intetho eyayihleli kwizitudiyo ze-Bauhaus yajika yaba yenye i-theism yomyili, i-angular ngakumbi kwaye yaqhekeka, ngokuyinxenye isekwe kumsebenzi ka-Theo van Doburg's De Stijlist.
UHeike Hanada, umyili wezakhiwo owayila iMyuziyam yaseBauhaus eWeimar, wayenamandla amancinci okuthenga kuyo nayiphi na impembelelo. Ityhubhu yekhonkrithi esquat, ibonakalisa ixhala elifihliweyo kwi-expressionism, kodwa iyalukhanyela ubabalo lwayo olusindisayo. Ngokufanelekileyo kunikezelwa ngokubaluleka komgaqo-nkqubo we-Weimar wokutshatyalaliswa oxhaswa ngumatshini wamaNazi, kunye nokusondela kwendawo kwi-Gauforum (isakhiwo solawulo apho umgaqo-nkqubo waphuhliswa khona) kunye nenkampu yoxinaniso yaseBuchenwald (apho umgaqo-nkqubo wenziwa khona). Umthamo wemyuziyam uneefestile ezimbalwa kuphela, ezinika ingqiqo eqinile yokuqina. Isicwangciso sibonakala siyisiqalo esibi sangaphakathi ukuba sasingekho kwi-airy yangaphakathi, nangona kunjalo ihlupheke ngokugxininiswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwinqanaba eliphakathi, elincinci kakhulu.
Kuzo zonke ezo zixinzelelweyo kunye neebheringi ezinzima, oku akusiyo "silo" njengoko abanye abahlalutyi bathi. Ukugxekwa kwezakhiwo kuye kwahlala kunendibano ephazamisayo kunye nokuthelekisa. Kule meko, isilingo siyaqondakala-ngokusondeleyo kwi-Gauforum kunye nenkundla ekufutshane eyake yabamba isihloko sembeko "u-Adolf Hitlerplatz" -kwaye, nangayiphi na imeko, ibhekisela kwinguqulelo A yomthetho kaDerwin: nayiphi na ingxoxo yeBauhaus iya kukhokelela. kwiNazi.
Isikolo saqala sakhahlelwa ngaphandle e-Weimar xa abasemagunyeni bephondo abanomsindo barhoxisa inkxaso-mali. Wafudukela eDessau kwaye isikolo sachitha iminyaka yaso yegolide (1926) kwikhampasi yaseGropius. UGropius ugqithise intonga kumakomanisi anesidima (kwaye ngowona mkhulu) uHannes Meyer. Isikolo sandile, kwaye kwangaxeshanye, abafundi baye bazibandakanya ngokupheleleyo nehlabathi ngaphandle kwezitudiyo zabo. Oku kwaba yingxaki, uMeyer waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe kwaye uMies van der Rohe wangena kwi-gap. Wayishiya ikharityhulamu waza wasusa ugxininiso lwakhe kwizindlu zabasebenzi, kunye nentengiso, ukupeyinta, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo, kunye nethiyetha, waya kwivilla yeglasi ecwebezelayo kaPlato. Ukuphononongwa kwabafundi kwimizi-mveliso kunye neemfihlakalo zembali kubhekiswa kwisifundo somnwe-kwimilebe yefomu yoyilo. Kodwa oko kulungile, kuba iihempe ezimdaka ziyavela apha, kwaye ezinye zide zingene kwi-Bauhausler. Babiza isikolo ngokuba "yi-aquarium" kwaye bayithumela eBerlin, apho yathi ekugqibeleni yoyiswa sisongelo saseKulturkampf.
I-Bauhaus yayingomnye wamaxhoba okuqala e-fascism, eyakhokelela ekusasazweni kweenkokeli zayo kwimida kunye ne-hemispheres. ( UMoholy-Nagy kwakhona: “Ngowe-1933 uHitler wawushukumisa umthi yaza iMerika yavuna iziqhamo zobukrelekrele baseJamani.”) Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, uGropius, uBreuer nabanye bamkelekile kumbindi wehlabathi leenkcuba-buchopho laseMerika. . Kwaye "ukuziva" - isiteketiso esisisidenge esinikwe ngumhlobo omtsha - saqala ukucima ngokukhawuleza iirekhodi. Ixesha le-Weimar labulawa ngokupheleleyo, kwaye i-socialist yangoku yesikolo yaqondiswa ngokutsha. Into eseleyo yiBauhaus yakhe eDessau, iziko langoku kakhulu kwiLizwe eliDala.
I-Bauhaus yayilinchpin yesicwangciso samandla athambileyo eCIA ukujongela phantsi iprofayili ephezulu yeSoviet Union yasemva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. I-Dessau, i-campus yaseyunivesithi kunye nesixeko sasiphantsi kolawulo lweSoviet, kodwa i-Bauhaus yokwenyani, njengedemokhrasi, yayihlala kwihlabathi lokuqala. Njengoko abaphengululi abanjengoKathleen James-Chakraborty baye babonisa, imisinga eyahlukeneyo yesimanje ekhoyo ngaphambili, ngexesha elifanayo kwaye nangemva kokuba i-Bauhaus yaseJamani - i-Neues Bauen, i-Expressionism, i-Weimar Lichtreklame - ifakwe ngokusemthethweni kwi-Bauhaus, uphawu luya kuba. ingeniswe kwihlabathi liphela. . Iqela le-NATO.
Kodwa kwi-architecture ye-echt Bauhaus yelizwe lakhe lokuzalwa, izandla ezimbini zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukongeza kwiikhampasi zesikolo, kukwakho nezakhiwo zeencwadi zezifundo, ezifana nendlu kaGropius yenkosi yeenkosi zaseBauhaus (indeterminate, Kandinsky, Moholy-Nagy), kunye nemisebenzi engeyiyo eyemfundo, engeyo-stucco, eyile, iOfisi yeNgqesho yaseGropius (1929) kunye UHannes Meyer. Indlu elula ekhohlisayo enebalcony (1930). E-Weimar, iHaus am Horn ngo-1923 yayiyimizamo yokuqala yolu hlobo. Nangaphezulu ukusuka kuMbindi Jamani yayiyi-ADGB yesikolo sikaMeyer semanyano yabasebenzi eBernau, kufutshane neBerlin, ngo-1930. Njengekhampasi yaseDessau, izele ziingcamango - kwaye iluncedo kakhulu - kodwa ayinamdla kumqondiso weGropius' Sachlichkeit.
Nasemva kwekhulu leminyaka, izakhiwo zisaqhekeka ngenxa yamandla azo angumzekelo. Kakade ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ungabi nobunyulu bobuLuthere, abasele bebujikile ooBauhauslers kubudlelwane babo bemihla ngemihla. Okanye i-frivolous conceptual afflatus (“umanyano olutsha”), okanye umhobe wobugcisa (ubugcisa neteknoloji, itekhnoloji kunye nobugcisa, amen).
Ewe, enkosi kwi-Adendum Architects, isitudiyo esisemva kweBauhaus Museum Dessau eBarcelona, eSpain. Isusa ezona mpawu zibi yeDessau Gang ngelixa igcina imigca enzima kunye netypography ehlekisayo. Akunakuthiwa eso sakhiwo sibalaseleyo. Umzobo ulula kakhulu, uxhulumaniso lweklasikhi phakathi kwenyani kunye nokwenyani: iholo yomboniso ene-span eqhubekayo ecacileyo idibanisa iholo yokuyila edibeneyo kunye ne-span ecacileyo eqhubekayo. Isiqingatha esiphezulu sinombala omnyama ukufihla iziqulatho, ngelixa isiqingatha esisezantsi sishiya imvulophu eguquguqukayo.
Uthobeke ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kodwa xa sijonga indawo ebalaseleyo yesakhiwo kwipaki enkulu esembindini wedolophu, iifestile zeglasi azicacanga ngendlela ebekufanele ukuba zibe njalo ngayo. Abayili bezakhiwo bahlose ukukhulula i-facade (ngomoya we-Bauhaus), ukwenzela ukuba ngaphakathi nangaphandle kungabonakali, kodwa ngaphaya koko, ubukho bemyuziyam kwezinye iindawo zikawonkewonke babonakala bunzima.
Ngeli xesha, ukwandiswa kwemyuziyam eBerlin yeyona nto intle kakhulu kwimisebenzi emitsha. Uninzi lweprojekthi luya kufihlwa phantsi komhlaba, kunye nenqaba enemigangatho emihlanu kuphela kwesakhiwo esibonakalayo esibonakalayo kwisicwangciso. Ineekholamu ezicekethekileyo, zeparametric eziqhelekileyo ngaphandle, ezishiya umgangatho wangaphakathi (we-museum café kunye nevenkile) uvule ngokupheleleyo. I-Staab Architekten yathathwa yikomishini kwi-2015 kwaye yayinobulumko ukugcina umgama othile phakathi kwesakhiwo esikhoyo kunye nesaso, ukuze kupheliswe ngcono nayiphi na impembelelo ethe ngqo.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, uninzi lwebango likaBauhaus kwimbali linento yokwenza nomsebenzi wokwakha onetyala. Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zeMeyer kunye nekhampasi yaseDessau, "i-architecture yaseBauhaus" iyalahlekisa. Eminye imisebenzi yasesikolweni, ukusuka ekulukeni ukuya ekuyilweni kwephepha lodonga, ukusuka ekupeyinteni ukuya kwintengiso, yayiyintsha kwaye isawutsala umdla wethu. (Enyanisweni, i-Bauhaus yayingenaso isicwangciso sokwakha uninzi lobukho bayo.)
Yintoni eya kugcina abafundi bephapheme ebusuku ukuba i-Bauhaus ihlaziywa ngokutsha ngo-2019? Lo ngumbuzo owenziwe yincwadi entsha Ikamva leBauhaus (MIT Press), kwaye phakathi kweempendulo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo, i-architecture, oko kukuthi, i-architecture, ayikho ndawo. Kodwa awungekhe uqalise amaphulo okhenketho amaninzi ngenxa yezimvo ezikhenkcezisiweyo-ipropathi entsha enomngcipheko.
Abahambi abanokubakho abavumelekanga ukuba bahambe ngaphakathi kweAlbers Tapestry. Awukwazi ukuhlala kumzobo we-Klee okanye ucinezele umzimba wakho ngokuchasene nolwandlalo lweti yeti kaBrandt. Kodwa ungakhwela inqwelomoya, ubhabhe uye eBerlin, uthathe uloliwe oya eDessau, ubambe iteksi eya eGropiusallee 38, uhambe ngezo (ngaphezu kobomvu) iingcango ezibomvu, ubeke iifoto kwizitepsi, kwivenkile yezipho, ekuzileni. . kwigumbi lokutyela lulutsha lwakho olulahlekileyo. Ungahlala ubusuku bonke.
Usenokuthanda Kude neTempile yeNgqiqo, iBauhaus yicauldron egqwethekileyo.
Bhalisa kwileta yethu yeendaba ukuze ufumane uhlaziyo lwamva nje, umxholo okhethekileyo kunye nokunikezela ngomrhumo ngokuthe ngqo kwibhokisi yakho!
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-23-2022